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Gocek's Endemic Plants: The Story of the Turkish Sweetgum Tree

The protected Sweetgum (Günlük) trees and forests in and around Gocek. The unique natural texture created by this endemic tree species.

The charm of Göcek is usually associated with its turquoise bays and pine forests. However, these fertile lands are a treasure not only for their scenery but also for the unique biodiversity they harbor. The most precious jewel of this treasure is undoubtedly the endemic Sweetgum (Günlük) Tree, which has survived to the present day like a time capsule. The story of this tree reveals the profound depth of Göcek's natural and cultural heritage.

What is the Sweetgum Tree (Liquidambar orientalis)?

The Sweetgum Tree is a relict-endemic species that grows naturally in a very limited geographical area in the world, predominantly in southwestern Turkey (Muğla and its surroundings). The reason it is called "relict" is that it is virtually a living fossil, having survived since the Tertiary period 65 million years ago. It is also popularly known as the "Günlük Tree" because the resin obtained from its trunk has been used as incense ("günlük") for thousands of years.

Resembling a plane tree in appearance, it can grow up to 20 meters tall with a smooth trunk and a pleasant fragrance. The forests (groves) it forms, especially in places like Göcek's Günlüklü Bay, have a distinctively cool and aromatic atmosphere.

A Story Thousands of Years Old: The Historical Journey of the Sweetgum

The balsam obtained from the trunk of the sweetgum tree, known as "Sweetgum Oil" or "Styrax," has been of great importance to humanity since ancient times.

The Perfume and Medicine of Antiquity

Historical sources show that the Ancient Egyptians used sweetgum oil in mummification processes and in the making of the famous Kyphi perfume. In the works of Hippocrates, considered the father of medicine, the antiseptic and healing properties of sweetgum oil are mentioned. Legend has it that Queen Cleopatra also used sweetgum oil in her beauty and aphrodisiac potions.

A Valuable Trade Good from the Ottoman Era to the Present Day

During the Ottoman Empire, sweetgum oil was one of the most valuable products exported, especially to France, the center of the perfume industry. It was used as a "fixative" in perfumes, meaning it increased the longevity of the scent. It was also used in traditional folk medicine to treat many ailments, from stomach ulcers to skin diseases.

Sweetgum Oil: Healing and Fragrance from Nature

This precious resin, obtained by making incisions in the trunk of the sweetgum tree, is still used in various fields today:

  • Perfumery and Cosmetics: It is used, especially in niche and luxury perfumes, to fix the scent and add a rich aroma.

  • Pharmacy: Due to its antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing properties, it is included in some ointments and pharmaceutical products.

  • Aromatherapy and Incense: It is used in incense burners and as incense for its relaxing and purifying scent.

Where Can You See Sweetgum Trees in Göcek?

The most ideal spot in Göcek to see these unique trees in their natural habitat and breathe in their mystical atmosphere is Günlüklü Bay, which is named after these trees. In this bay, easily accessible by car, you can take a walk in the sweetgum forest that stretches just behind the beach and cool off in the shade of the trees. The sweet and spicy scent emitted by the trees, combined with the sea air, offers an unforgettable experience.

A Note on Respecting Nature

Sweetgum trees are a special species under protection in Turkey. When you visit these trees, showing respect for their natural habitat, not damaging their trunks, and not breaking their branches are of vital importance for passing this unique heritage on to future generations.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is the Sweetgum tree (Sığla) found only in Göcek?
No, but its natural distribution is very narrow. In the world, it is largely found only in regions of southwestern Turkey such as Fethiye, Göcek, Köyceğiz, and Marmaris within the Muğla province. Therefore, Göcek is one of the most important and special habitats for seeing this tree.
Is it permitted to touch the trees or collect their resin in Günlüklü Bay?
No, it is absolutely not permitted. Sweetgum trees are a valuable, protected species. It is best to admire these trees and their natural environment. Damaging their trunks, carving on them, or attempting to collect their resin is forbidden and harms this unique natural heritage.
Is Sweetgum oil sold in herbalist shops or local stores?
Yes, it is possible to find Sweetgum oil and some products made from it in herbalist shops (aktars) and stores selling local products in the Muğla region. However, as it is a valuable and labor-intensive product, one should be careful to purchase it from reliable sources.
Is swimming in the sea in a place with Sweetgum trees a different experience?
Absolutely, yes. In places like Günlüklü Bay, the distinctive sweet and spicy scent emitted by the Sweetgum trees combines with the smell of the sea and iodine. This creates an extremely refreshing and unique atmosphere that you are unlikely to experience anywhere else.
What other special plants are there in Göcek besides the Sweetgum tree?
Göcek and its surroundings have a rich biodiversity. Besides the Sweetgum, many species of wild orchids native to the region can be seen, especially in the spring months. Furthermore, the dominant vegetation of the area, the Turkish Pine forests and maquis shrublands, also host their own unique ecosystem and many different plant species.